{"id":11076,"date":"2022-05-11T12:55:52","date_gmt":"2022-05-11T17:55:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/?p=11076"},"modified":"2025-10-09T10:54:54","modified_gmt":"2025-10-09T15:54:54","slug":"negocios-de-inmigrantes-africanos-chicago-covid-gentrificacion-impacto-comunidades-etiope-somali","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/es\/2022\/05\/11\/african-immigrant-businesses-chicago-covid-gentrification-impact-ethiopian-somali-communities\/","title":{"rendered":"Las empresas de \u00c1frica Oriental del North Side luchan contra el aumento de los costes, COVID"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5720f\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-8 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col padding-3-percent inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On a recent weekday afternoon, the dining room of Ethiopian Diamond was filled with patrons sitting around gebetas platters heaped with injera bread, stews and curries.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe do a lot of business with our [Ethiopian] community,\u201d said the restaurant\u2019s owner Almaz Yigizaw. \u201cFor baptisms, engagements and graduations, they come here.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"templatera_shortcode\">\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b58b5c\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-middle small\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone border_color_909090 border_style_solid \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5980e\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-middle large top_margin_20px bottom_margin_20px\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"true\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row-bg-overlay row-bg-layer\" style=\"background: #FFFFFF; background: linear-gradient(90deg,#FFFFFF 0%,#FFFFFF 100%);  opacity: 1; \"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col padding-3-percent force-phone-text-align-center inherit_tablet inherit_phone border_top_desktop_1px border_bottom_desktop_1px border_color_FFFFFF border_style_solid \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5a053\" data-midnight=\"\" data-column-margin=\"default\" class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row inner_row vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex vc_row-o-content-middle\"  style=\"\"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\"> <div class=\"row-bg\" ><\/div> <\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12_inner col span_12  left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-7 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"   data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<h4 id=\"news-that-puts-power-under-the-spotlight-and-communities-at-the-center\"><strong>News that puts power under the spotlight and communities at the center.<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p>Sign up for our free newsletter and get updates twice a week.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div> \n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div style=\"margin-top: -20px; \" class=\"vc_col-sm-5 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column neg-marg no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"   data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"wpb_raw_code wpb_raw_html wpb_content_element\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"_form_1\"><\/div><script src=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.bluelena.io\/f\/embed.php?id=1\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t<\/div> \n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The 26-year-old business located on North Broadway Street in Chicago is one of over a dozen African businesses in the far North Side neighborhoods of Edgewater and Uptown. Take a stroll along Broadway starting at Montrose and heading north to Bryn Mawr, and you\u2019ll see everything from braiding salons to musicians\u2019 studios to supermarkets serving the city\u2019s growing African immigrant population. But this thriving business community has been threatened in recent years by the challenges of COVID-19 along with rising rents and increased gentrification. Despite these pressures, African business owners tell Borderless they are surviving thanks to the steadfast support of the African immigrant community.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5bf52\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row article-image\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-with-aniamtion-wrap center\" data-max-width=\"100%\" data-max-width-mobile=\"default\" data-shadow=\"none\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" >\r\n      <div class=\"inner\">\r\n        <div class=\"hover-wrap\"> \r\n          <div class=\"hover-wrap-inner\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-with-animation skip-lazy \" data-delay=\"0\" height=\"100\" width=\"100\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" src=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/almaz-yigizaw-1390504396_web.jpg\" alt=\"\"  \/>\r\n         <\/div>\r\n      <\/div><span class=\"vc_figure-caption ccfic-text media-caption\">Ethiopian Diamond owner Almaz Yigizaw.<\/span><span class=\"media-credit\">Benjamin Woodard\/DNAinfo<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5cca3\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-8 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col padding-3-percent inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<h3 id=\"a-changing-community\"><strong>A Changing Community<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edgewater and Uptown have long been popular neighborhoods for immigrants making a home or starting a business in Chicago. Since the 1950s, for example, the Edgewater community\u2019s percentage of foreign-born population has outpaced both national and city levels. Whereas Eastern Europeans called the area home in the early 20th century, East Africans from Ethiopia, Eritrea and Somalia have created their own cultural pockets since the 1970s, sustaining an integral part of the community\u2019s immigrant identity along with Southeast Asians. Many came as refugees and asylum seekers, fleeing the Ethiopian Civil War in the 1970s and Somali Civil War in the 1980s.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2008, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/las.depaul.edu\/centers-and-institutes\/chaddick-institute-for-metropolitan-development\/Documents\/Chaddick%20Diversity%20Study%202008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a comprehensive study by DePaul University found that Uptown and Edgewater were, respectively, the most and sixth most diverse neighborhoods<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in Chicago when it comes to ethnicity and income. Nearly 27% of the Edgewater population and 25% of the Uptown population were born outside of the United States, according to the most recent American Community Survey data.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5ddc8\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row article-image\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-with-aniamtion-wrap center\" data-max-width=\"100%\" data-max-width-mobile=\"default\" data-shadow=\"none\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" >\r\n      <div class=\"inner\">\r\n        <div class=\"hover-wrap\"> \r\n          <div class=\"hover-wrap-inner\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-with-animation skip-lazy \" data-delay=\"0\" height=\"100\" width=\"100\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" src=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/220505_EastAfricanEdgewater_web-4.jpg\" alt=\"\"  \/>\r\n         <\/div>\r\n      <\/div><span class=\"vc_figure-caption ccfic-text media-caption\">Ethiopian tunics, shirts and leather jackets on display at Ethio Mart in the Edgewater neighborhood of Chicago, Ill., May 5, 2022. The majority of items for sale are imported from Ethiopia. Ethio Mart owner Hirut Assefa\u2019s daughter lives in Ethiopia and helps coordinate shipments. She and her fianc\u00e9 design the patterns for the leather jackets. <\/span><span class=\"media-credit\">Michelle Kanaar\/Borderless Magazine<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5eabb\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-8 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col padding-3-percent inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">That diversity has been challenged in recent years, however, by the arrival of high-end apartment buildings and the loss of low-income housing. An analysis by Borderless Magazine found that both Edgewater and Uptown\u2019s populations have become whiter, wealthier and less immigrant-dense between 2006 and today.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cPeople are moving out,\u201d said Betre Assefa, an Ethiopian immigrant working in one of Edgewater&#8217;s Ethiopian markets. \u201cI would estimate not even 50 [Ethiopian] families are living around presently.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The average cost of rent for a three-bedroom apartment in Edgewater has climbed from just under $2,000 per month in April 2015 to close to $3,000 per month today, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.zumper.com\/rent-research\/chicago-il\/edgewater\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">according to a Zumper analysis<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In a recent example of the changing costs, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blockclubchicago.org\/2021\/02\/15\/from-glitzy-to-eyesore-historic-edgewater-hospitals-newest-transformation-is-upscale-apartments\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the former, historical Edgewater Hospital reopened in February of last year as a luxury apartment building<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. A two-bedroom apartment there can cost over $3,000 per month, and three-bedrooms go up to over $6,000 per month for a penthouse apartment, according to the <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.liveandersonpoint.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">building\u2019s rental site<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/blockclubchicago.org\/2021\/02\/15\/from-glitzy-to-eyesore-historic-edgewater-hospitals-newest-transformation-is-upscale-apartments\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> previous reporting by Block Club Chicago<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b5fa8c\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row article-image\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-with-aniamtion-wrap center\" data-max-width=\"100%\" data-max-width-mobile=\"default\" data-shadow=\"none\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" >\r\n      <div class=\"inner\">\r\n        <div class=\"hover-wrap\"> \r\n          <div class=\"hover-wrap-inner\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-with-animation skip-lazy \" data-delay=\"0\" height=\"100\" width=\"100\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" src=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/220505_EastAfricanEdgewater_web-1.jpg\" alt=\"\"  \/>\r\n         <\/div>\r\n      <\/div><span class=\"vc_figure-caption ccfic-text media-caption\">Anderson Point in the Edgewater neighborhood of Chicago, Ill., April 20, 2022. The apartment building opened in February of 2021 and offers \u201cluxury apartments\u201d in what was formerly the historical Edgewater Hospital. <\/span><span class=\"media-credit\">Michelle Kanaar\/Borderless Magazine<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b60ba5\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-8 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col padding-3-percent inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Community members say they also feel the increased threat of gentrification from Loyola University, a private Jesuit Catholic institution that sits just north of Edgewater in the Rogers Park neighborhood. As the university has expanded since the 1980s, it has purchased apartment buildings as well as the Granada Theater, turning them into retail spaces and student residences. In a statement, a representative from Loyola told Borderless that the university is \u201ccommitted to supporting and encouraging the vitality and sustainability of our neighborhoods.\u201d They also noted that Loyola students have been \u201cthe most consistent demographic in the community over the last hundred years\u201d in the areas surrounding their campus and that 41% of their students are people of color.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Still, community members lay at least some blame for the increasing rent prices in the area on Loyola.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cAffordable apartment buildings from Rosemont to Hollywood and in between Broadway and Sheridan have disappeared with businesses such as Loyola University expanding,\u201d said Aklilu Abraham Adeye, the executive director of Chicago\u2019s Ethiopian Community Association. The association does housing searches and placements for incoming African refugees. \u201cIt is becoming increasingly difficult to get them apartments in many Chicago areas, unlike before,\u201d he said.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"fws_69eda15b616a6\" data-midnight=\"\" data-column-margin=\"default\" class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row inner_row\"  style=\"\"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\"> <div class=\"row-bg\" ><\/div> <\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12_inner col span_12  left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col child_column no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone border_bottom_desktop_1px border_color_000000 border_style_solid \"   data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"vc_separator wpb_content_element vc_separator_align_center vc_sep_width_100 vc_sep_pos_align_center vc_sep_color_black wpb_content_element vc_separator-has-text\" ><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_l\"><span class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span><h4 id=\"read-more-of-our-coverage\">Read More of Our Coverage<\/h4><span class=\"vc_sep_holder vc_sep_holder_r\"><span class=\"vc_sep_line\"><\/span><\/span>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-inline-posts\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-inline-posts-container pk-inline-posts-template-list\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-columns=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<article id=\"post-6926\" class=\"post-6926 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail category-arts-culture category-investigation tag-discountmall\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-post-outer\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-post-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"entry-thumbnail\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-overlay pk-overlay-ratio pk-ratio-landscape\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-overlay-background\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/es\/2021\/09\/14\/whats-happening-with-chicago-little-village-discount-mall\/\" class=\"pk-overlay-link\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" src=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/09\/CFBM-DiscountMall01.jpg\" class=\"attachment-pk-thumbnail size-pk-thumbnail wp-post-image\" alt=\"Little Village, discount, mall, shopping, Mexican, Chicago\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-post-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<header>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"pk-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/es\/2021\/09\/14\/whats-happening-with-chicago-little-village-discount-mall\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Future of Little Village&#8217;s Discount Mall Still Uncertain, One Year After Sale<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"pk-post-meta\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pk-meta-author meta-author\"><span class=\"author vcard\"><a class=\"url fn n\" href=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/es\/author\/adriana-rezal\/\" title=\"View all posts by Adriana Rezal\">Adriana Rezal<\/a><\/span><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"sep\">\u00b7<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"pk-meta-date meta-date\"><a href=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/es\/2021\/09\/14\/whats-happening-with-chicago-little-village-discount-mall\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">septiembre 14, 2021<\/a><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/header><!-- .entry-header -->\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .post-inner -->\n\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .post-outer -->\n\t\t<\/article>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t<\/div> \n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">African immigrants are increasingly having to go to Rogers Park, West Ridge or the suburbs to find affordable housing, says Adeye. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmap.illinois.gov\/documents\/10180\/126764\/Edgewater.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Edgewater\u2019s foreign-born population decreased<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from 30.6% in 2006 to 26.9% today, with Uptown seeing a similar drop. During the same period, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmap.illinois.gov\/documents\/10180\/126764\/Edgewater.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">the Black population in Edgewater experienced the largest drop of any racial or ethnic group while the percentage of white non-Hispanic residents increased.<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<h3 id=\"covid-adds-to-the-challenges\"><strong>COVID Adds to the Challenges<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These shifting demographics and rising rents were already hurting East African businesses in Edgewater and Uptown before the pandemic. But COVID-19 added unique challenges to the small businesses in the area.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sitting next to Amaal Express, a Somali money transfer and internet cafe, the Somali restaurant Laa Mushkila has struggled to survive since it opened three years ago despite its popularity. Serving kimis (flatbreads) and fresh lamb, the restaurant was busy during Ramadan as Somali immigrants from across the city come to break their fast. During dinner service, Laa Mushkila\u2019s owner Mohommad Fohamud can be found either working the back kitchen or joking with customers at the register. But his good mood belies the challenges his business has faced.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b659fc\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row article-image\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-with-aniamtion-wrap center\" data-max-width=\"100%\" data-max-width-mobile=\"default\" data-shadow=\"none\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" >\r\n      <div class=\"inner\">\r\n        <div class=\"hover-wrap\"> \r\n          <div class=\"hover-wrap-inner\">\r\n            <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-with-animation skip-lazy \" data-delay=\"0\" height=\"100\" width=\"100\" data-animation=\"fade-in\" src=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/220505_EastAfricanEdgewater_web-2.jpg\" alt=\"\"  \/>\r\n         <\/div>\r\n      <\/div><span class=\"vc_figure-caption ccfic-text media-caption\">Coffee cups and saucers with the traditional Ethiopian Saba design are available for purchase at Ethio Mart in the Edgewater neighborhood of Chicago, Ill., May 5, 2022.<\/span><span class=\"media-credit\">Michelle Kanaar\/Borderless Magazine<\/span><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b66a5f\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-8 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col padding-3-percent inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n<div class=\"wpb_text_column wpb_content_element \" >\n\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cThe rent is expensive and they have increased it since we opened three years ago,\u201d Fohamud said. \u201cCOVID was really hard. I almost shut down. Supplies for our kitchen are getting more expensive, and we didn\u2019t receive much help from the city during COVID.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Like many immigrant business owners, Fohamud had trouble accessing government and private grants meant to help small businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/2021\/07\/08\/as-chicago-reopens-immigrant-restaurateurs-reflect-on-an-unprecedented-year\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A survey Borderless Magazine conducted last year found that 26% of immigrant restaurant owners surveyed were struggling to pay their bills.<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Neither Laa Mushkila nor Ethiopian Diamond received money from the city\u2019s main hospitality grant program.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cWe didn\u2019t qualify for funds, so we didn\u2019t get anything,\u201d said Ethiopian Diamond\u2019s Yigizaw. \u201cDuring COVID, our landlord gave us a break, which was helpful.\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Near the Granville train stop in Edgewater, the Ethio Mart sells everything from Ethiopian tunics to coffee sets to injera grills. The mart\u2019s owner, Felasfaw Woldegebriel, said that business has been OK during the pandemic and his rent is somewhat manageable. He said that while he tried to get funding from the city\u2019s <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/abc7chicago.com\/coronavirus-resources-grants-chicago-small-business-help\/6148877\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Microbusiness Recovery Grant program<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, he found the application confusing.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cI put Citizens Bank instead of Citibank for my bank information by mistake, and that caused me a lot of problems,\u201d Woldegebriel said. He ultimately did not get any funds from the government.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Woldegebriel says, however, that like many local East African establishments, Ethio Mart has survived the pressures of COVID-19 and gentrification so far thanks to its loyal African customers. Yigizaw, too, thanked her customers who continued to order takeout from Ethiopian Diamond during the pandemic, which allowed her to keep employing Ethiopian community members at the restaurant despite the financial hardships he was facing.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Laa Mushkila\u2019s Fohamud said he hopes that his business can continue to be a vital community hub for Somali immigrants in Edgewater for years to come. As Somali cab owners fill his parking lot during busy hours, he said that it\u2019s common for community members to run into each other.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201cSomeone comes for a meal, and then they see a friend they weren\u2019t expecting,\u201d said Fohamud. \u201cWe didn\u2019t plan on becoming a community center, it just happened!\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-2 vc_hidden-sm vc_hidden-xs wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b67bcd\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-12 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t<div id=\"fws_69eda15b684d3\"  data-column-margin=\"default\" data-midnight=\"dark\"  class=\"wpb_row vc_row-fluid vc_row vc_row-o-equal-height vc_row-flex bottom-links\"  style=\"padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; \"><div class=\"row-bg-wrap\" data-bg-animation=\"none\" data-bg-animation-delay=\"\" data-bg-overlay=\"false\"><div class=\"inner-wrap row-bg-layer\" ><div class=\"row-bg viewport-desktop\"  style=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"row_col_wrap_12 col span_12 dark left\">\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-8 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"wpb_widgetised_column wpb_content_element\">\n\t\t<div id=\"sidebar\" data-nectar-ss=\"\" class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 id=\"related-stories\" class=\"wpb_heading wpb_widgetised_column_heading\">Related Stories<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div> \n\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n\n\t<div  class=\"vc_col-sm-4 wpb_column column_container vc_column_container col no-extra-padding inherit_tablet inherit_phone \"  data-padding-pos=\"all\" data-has-bg-color=\"false\" data-bg-color=\"\" data-bg-opacity=\"1\" data-animation=\"\" data-delay=\"0\" >\n\t\t<div class=\"vc_column-inner\" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wpb_wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\n\t<div class=\"wpb_widgetised_column wpb_content_element\">\n\t\t<div id=\"sidebar\" data-nectar-ss=\"\" class=\"wpb_wrapper\"><h2 id=\"recent-stories\" class=\"wpb_heading wpb_widgetised_column_heading\">Recent Stories<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div> \n\t<\/div> \n\t\t\t<\/div> \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div> \n<\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A pesar de los problemas financieros, estas tiendas de Chicago sobreviven con la ayuda de las comunidades de inmigrantes et\u00edopes, somal\u00edes y de otros pa\u00edses de \u00c1frica Oriental.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":111,"featured_media":11087,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[325,136],"tags":[485],"coauthors":[346],"class_list":{"0":"post-11076","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-environmentandhealth","8":"category-labor","9":"tag-africanbusinesses"},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Chicago&#039;s African Businesses Face Rising Rents, COVID Losses &#8211; Borderless Magazine NFP<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Despite financial challenges, these Chicago shops are surviving with help from Ethiopian, Somali and other East African immigrant communities.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/es\/2022\/05\/11\/negocios-de-inmigrantes-africanos-chicago-covid-gentrificacion-impacto-comunidades-etiope-somali\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"es_MX\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"North Side\u2019s East African Businesses Struggling with Rising Costs, COVID &#8211; Labor and Economics &#8211; Borderless Magazine NFP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"North Side\u2019s East African Businesses Struggling with Rising Costs, COVID &#8211; Labor and Economics &#8211; Borderless Magazine NFP\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/borderlessmag.org\/es\/2022\/05\/11\/negocios-de-inmigrantes-africanos-chicago-covid-gentrificacion-impacto-comunidades-etiope-somali\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Borderless Magazine NFP\" 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